Implantable Light-Emitting Diodes (A3036IL)

Contents

Description

Note: The Implantable Light-Emitting Diode (A3036IL) is an active product. The Implantable Stimulator-Transponder (A3036) is discontinued, replaced by the Implantable Stimulator-Transponder (A3041).

[12-FEB-24] The Implantable Light-Emitting Diode (A3036IL) is a light-emitting diode (LED) designed for implantation in animals so as to provide optical stimulation for optogenetic experiments. They are accessories to our Implantable Stimulator-Transponders (ISTs), such as the A3041. The A3036IL uses a variety of LEDs: the blue and green EZ500, blue and green EZ290, and the deep red LXZ1-PA01. All A3036ILs are equipped with a thin-walled steel tube to allow the LED to be mounted during implantation. The tube is thinned near the base so it may be cut after the LED has been secured.

Figure: Fiber-Coupled LED (FCLED) For Depth Illumination in Mice. Fiber diameter 270 μm, length 4±0.3 mm. The tip emits 2.8 mW at 10 mA forward current.

The optical fibers we use with our implantable LEDs are polished at the base and tapered at the tip. We glue the polished base to the surface of an LED and the fiber carries LED light to the tapered tip. We call the combination of fiber and LED a Fiber-Coupled LEDs (FCLEDs). The fraction of optical power emitted by the LED that is delivered to the tapered tip of the fiber is the coupling efficiency of the fiber.

Figure: Tapered Light Guide. Made from a 300-μm diameter fiber. (Sam Orphanos)

We make FCLEDs out of bare LED chips wire-bonded to a printed circuit board. We have blue and green FCLEDs, but no red FCLEDs, because we have not yet found a red LED of adequate efficiency that we can purchase in die form.

Figure: Surface-Mount LED (SMLED, A3036IL-C) with Epoxy Dome For Surface Illumination. Near socket: orange L+ lead. Far socket: purple L− lead. A steel tube allows us to fix the ILED during surgery. The printed circuit board is 4.0 mm × 3.0 mm, and 0.8 mm thick.

With no optical fiber glued to the LED, the LED is instead covered with clear epoxy so that it may be placed on the surface of the tissue to be illuminated. We call these our Surface-Mount LEDs (SMLEDs). The surface of the epoxy may be flat or domed, but this makes little difference to the power delivered to the tissue surface. These epoxy-topped LEDs we call Surface-Mount LEDs (SMLEDs). We make red, blue, and green SMLEDs.

Figure: Implantable LED (ILED) Back Side. Near socket: L+ lead. Far socket: L− lead.

A steel mounting tube is glued to the back of each ILED and thinned just above the glue joint so it may be cut easily during implantation.

Versions

[03-AUG-22] The following versions of the Implantable Light-Emitting Diode (A3036IL, ILED) are in production. The gold-plated pins on the end of the stimulator's leads mate with a pair of sockets on the A3036IL. Currently, we use wire-bonded EZ500 chips for our blue and green illuminators, both SMLED and FCLED. We use the LXZ1-PA01 for our red SMLEDs. For a comparison of a larger variety of illuminators, including those we have rejected for inferior performance, see Optical Power.

We can make any taper-tipped, polished-base fiber 4 mm or longer, diameter 270 μm, 330 μm or 450 μm.

Figure: Three A3036IL-A270-6, Two A3036IL-A, and One Prototype A3036IL-A270 with 3-mm Polished End.

The EZ500 data sheet does not provide spectra for their light emission. But the Luxeon Z data sheet from Philips Lumileds does provide spectra, which we present below. We assume the EZ500 blue and green spectra are similar.

Figure: Spectra for Luxeon Z LEDs.

Based upon the above spectra, we estimate that the half-power width of the EZ500 460-nm blue LED is 20 nm, and of the 525-nm green is 50 nm.

Design

[23-JUL-24] The ILED requires a printed circuit board onto which we mount the LED. In the case of the EZ290 and EZ500 LEDs, the LED's bottom-side cathode pad must be glued to the board with conductive epoxy, while it's top-side anode pad wire-bonded to the board. The EZ290 is smaller than the EZ500, which suggests that it may be a better choice for delivering light into a fiber, but the EZ290's anode pad is in the center of its emitting area, which forces us to keep the fiber at least 100 μm above the LED surface, while the EZ500's anode pad is on one edge of the emitting area, which allows us to place the fiber right onto the emitting surface. In the end, we obtain greater efficiency with the EZ500 despite the loss of light around its edges. The Luxeon Z LEDs are not suitable for FCLEDs because their area is so large, but they are suitable for SMLEDs. We mount the Luxeon Z LEDS by surface-mount reflow.

Modifications

[18-NOV-19] The A3036AV1 needs the following modifications.

1. Connect D2-1 to U5-2 with wire link in order to correct a PCB error and complete the 0V net.
2. Replace D1 SMS7621079LF with SMS7630079LF. The Pin-1 marker on the new diode is the anode, while on the previous diode it was the cathode.
3. Add 0.5 pF in parallel with C6 to bring matching network resonant frequency close to 910 MHz.

[12-FEB-20] For the A3036BV1 we make the following enhancements to the circuit.

1. Fix connection to 0V on ground plane at battery.
2. Switch D1 to SMS7630040LF in P0402 package.
3. Switch D2 to CDBQC0130L in P0402 package.
4. Change C6 to 1.5 pF.

The A3036 implantable stimulator is obsolete, but here are its design files.

Optical Power

[01-JUL-21] We calibrate our implantable LEDs by measuring their optical power output when the current through its LED is 10 mA. We measure the LED's power output with one of our calibration stands. We have one calibration stand for bare LEDs and another for fiber-coupled LEDs. The LED output power is approximately proportional to current, as shown in the plot below. We get roughly twice as much power at 20 mA and half as much at 5 mA.

Figure: Optical Power Output versus Current for Various of Bare LEDs. We are measuring output power with our Bare LED Calibration Stand (see below). An IST with battery voltage 3.7 V and lead resistance 56-Ω will deliver 14 mA to the LED with forward voltage drop 2.9 V.

Our Implantable LEDs (A3036IL) generate light with an LED mounted on a printed circuit board. Our favored LED is the EZ500, which comes in blue and green. The EZ500 light-emitting surface is 480 μm square, with a bond wire to one side, so that we can lower the base of an optical fiber right onto the emitting surface for greater coupling efficiency. For red light, we use the LXZ1-PA01 from the Luxeon Z family, which provides a 1-mm square emitting surface. The LXZ1-PA01 is an efficient source of 650-nm deep-red light for illuminating the surface of organ tissue. But its emitting surface is too large for efficient coupling of light into an optical fiber.

Figure: Optical Power Ouput versus Current for Two A3036IL-A450-8 Fiber-Coupled LEDs. We are measuring power emitted by the fiber tip using our Fiber-Coupled LED Calibration Stand.

Blue LEDs produce roughly 1 mW/mA (one milliwatt per milliamp forward current), green LEDs roughly 0.5 mW/mA forward current, and the deep-red LED roughly 0.8 mW/mA. We make surface illuminators by covering the LED with a clear epoxy dome. The A3036IL-A is a blue C460EZ500 with clear epoxy dome for surface illumination of brain tissue. We make depth illuminators by gluing a glass fiber with a tapered tip to the LED and inserting the tapered tip to the required depth. Roughly one third of the light emitted by the LED is captured by the fibre and transported to its tip, where it radiates in all directions. The A3036IL-A270-4 is a blue C460EZ500 with a 4-mm long, 270-μm diameter fiber light guide. The A3036IL-A270-4's average power output at the fiber tip is 2.8 mW for 10 mA forward current.

Figure: Optical Power Output at Fiber Tip for 10 mA Forward Current, Various Fiber-Coupled LEDs.

We measure optical power using an SD445 photodiode and an ammeter. We convert photocurrent into optical power using 0.18 mA/mW for 460-nm blue, 0.25 mA/mW for 527-nm green, and 0.40 mA/mW for 655-nm red light. We have two calibration stands that permit us to make consistent measurements of power for any combination of LED and fiber. The drawing below shows the arrangement of LED or FCLED and photodiode in each stand. For more information on the calibration and appearance of the test stands, see our development notes.

Figure: Bare LED Calibration Stand (Left) and Fiber-Coupled LED Calibration Stand (Right). On the left, 7.1% of the light emitted by the LED arrives at the detector. On the right, 39% of the light emitted by the fiber tip arrives at the detector.

When we cap an LED with epoxy, we make sure the surface is convex. We avoid loss by total internal reflection within the epoxy, and we direct the light more in the forward direction, which favors illumination of a surface directly in front of the ILED. But the epoxy dome is never uniform, so measuring the power emitted by the ILED after application of the epoxy dome is difficult. We assume the total power transmitted by the ILED is equal to the total power emitted by the LED die before we apply the dome.

We measure the power emitted by fiber-coupled LEDs directly with our FCLED calibration stand. The fraction of LED power reaching the fiber tip depends upon the area of the fiber and the LED, and upon the numerical aperture of the fiber itself. We make our light guides out of optical fiber with numerical aperture 0.86 (core index 1.72, cladding index 1.49). All light within ±60° of the fiber axis will be captured by the fiber and transported to the tip. For a typical LED, this ±60° accounts for 75% of the light emitted. A 450-μm diameter light guide, perfectly polished at the base, and perfectly positioned on a 480-μm square EZ500 LED will couple 51% of the emitted light to the fiber tip. The A3036IL-A8 uses a 450-μm fiber on a C460EZ500, and we obtain coupling efficiency of around 40%.

The Implantable Stimulator-Transponder (A3041B) boosts its battery voltage to a fixed 3.3 V. It also provides a current limit we can apply to the stimulus. When equipped with 45 mm long leads, each will have resistance 28 Ω, making a total of 56 Ω. Suppose we turn up the stimulus current to its maximum value of 10 mA. To determine the actual LED current we need to know the approximate forward voltage drop of the LED at 10 mA.

Figure: Current and Power versus Voltage for an A3036IL-A8 Implantable LED. Blue C460EZ500 LED coupled to 450-μm, 8-mm fiber, power measured at the tapered tip of fiber.

The A3036IL-A450-8 FCLED has forward voltage 2.73 V at current 10 mA. The voltage drop across 56 Ω at 10 mA is 0.56 V. Thus 3.29 V is enough to drive 10 mA through the leads and LED. At this current, the tip of the fiber produces 5 mW. Thus the maximum optical power from the FCLED when driven by the A3041B is 5 mW.

[03-AUG-22] The following table compares the optical power output of at 10 mA forward current for various combinations of fibers, domes, and LEDs.

For all these devices, optical power is approximately linear with current. Notice that the EZ290 fiber-coupled LEDs are not as efficient as the EZ500, even though the surface area of the EZ290 is smaller. The central bond wire of the EZ290 interferes with the contact between the fiber and the emitting surface.

Fiber Tapering

[01-FEB-24] Our fiber tapering machine uses two motor controllers, two micrometer stages, a horizontal stand, and a heating coil. We mount a 100-mm length of fiber, polished flat at the right end, to mounting plates, one attached to each motorized stage. As we mount the fiber, we pass it through the heating coil. During the tapering process, the heating coil is red-hot and softens the glass. The two stages to the left, bringing the target taper location into the coil. The right stage stops while the left stage pulls away. The heat-softened fiber stretches into a thread above the coil. The right stage moves off to break the fiber and create the taper on the right section of fiber. The right section is the one we keep.

Figure: Tapermaker Tool on MacOS. These settings generate a 1-mm long, uniform taper on the end of a 270-μm to 450-μm diameter TD5 fiber.

We control the tapering machine with the Tapermaker Tool, available in LWDAQ 9.1.8+. The tapering procedure is as follows.

1. Press Reset to configure the motor controllers and establish the home position. The motors move to their limit switches and then to the home position, which is the starting position for tapering.
2. Adjust the settings if you need to. The default values work well for 450-μm and 270-μm TD5 fiber.
3. Install a fiber in the stretcher by passing it through the heating coil and securing it with magnets.
4. Turn on the heating coil.
5. Press Taper.
6. When both motors have been stationary for a few seconds, turn off the heating coil.
7. Remove the tapered fiber and place in gel pack. Remove the scrap fiber and dispose of safely.
8. Press Home to return to home position. You are now ready for next taper.
9. When you are done tapering, press Off to turn off power to the motors.

At any time, you can press Stop to stop the motors. You will occasionally need to stop the motors when you forget to return to the home position before you press Taper. The stretcher will collide with the heating coil. The Off button turns off power to the motors, so you can rotate the shafts by hand. After you rotate the motors by hand, you must press Reset to re-establish the home position in the controller's memory. When you are done with the tapermaker for the day, turn the motors off so they don't stay hot all the time.

Video: The Tapermaker Creating a Tapered Light Guide. We taper a 300-μm diameter TD5 fiber. The base of the taper is 4 mm from the base of the fiber. The taper is 1 mm long.

The approach distance is how far the two stages move upwards together to bring the target point into the coil. The approach speed is how fast they move. The approach differential is ratio of the left stage speed to the lower stage speed during the approach. This differential should be slightly greater than one so that imperfections in the synchronous movement of the stages do not cause the fiber to buckle. With the stages separating very slightly, the fiber remains straight. The left stretch distance and speed define the movement of the stage once the target poin is in the heating coil. The right stretch delay is how long the lower stage waits before it starts to move down. The right stretch distance and speed define its movement downwards. More details of the tapering process are given in the comments of the Tapermaker.tcl file, which you will find in the Tools of the LWDAQ distribution.

Figure: Freshly-Tapered Fiber. Made from a 300-μm diameter fiber. (Sam Orphanos)

Once the tapermaker is done, the taper will be extended by a thread of glass. We remove this thread by sanding the tip of the fiber on hand-held 15-μm grit. Once sanded, the taper looks like this.

Development

[24-OCT-24] For details of the development and production of the A3036, see its Developement page.